Viral Expression Systems Overview

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Viral vectors are widely used vehicles to bring genetic material inside eukaryotic cells. Compared to transfection methods such as cationic lipids, electroporation, or microinjection, induction with viral particles is generally more efficient if an appropriate viral system with the correct tropism is selected. Tropism refers to specific host species or specific cell types within those species that viruses have evolved to preferentially target. For instance, baculoviruses naturally target cells of insect origins, and thus have been used for expression of recombinant proteins in these cells. Common retroviral vectors are derived
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from Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MMLV), a positive sense ssRNA virus that replicates through a DNA intermediate using reverse transcriptase. By using Amphotropic or Ecotropic packaging cells, the Phoenix2 Retroviral system and the pCHAC vectors can be used to infect cells of human or mouse origins, respectively.
Lentiviruses are a special type of retrovirus, characterized by a slow (lenti- in Latin) maturation phenotype. Allele Biotech´ pLICO (from Latin implico for intertwine) lentiviral vector is based on HIV, and it can infect virtually all types of human cells, including primary and non-dividing cells. Allele Biotech provides these systems in the form of plasmid vectors, packaging cells, or pre-packaged or custom viral particles.
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- HiTiter™ pLICO Lentivirus
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Particularly in the fields of iPS cells and RNAi where high efficiency gene transfer is critical, lentiviral vectors are increasingly the gene transfer system of choice for non-dividing primary and other difficult-to-transfect cells. Allele´ HiTiter™ Lentivirus systems (US patent 6,620,595) provide high titer and improved safety due to some of the most advanced and unique features:
- Further removed overlapping sequences between transfer and packaging plasmids
- Enhanced poly(A) signal to increase titer and gene expression, and prevents read-through transcription of neighboring genes
- Improved packaging of plasmids to increase packaging efficiency and to reduce the likelihood of recombination between vector components
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- Phoenix2™ pCHAC Retrovirus
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Retroviruses are considered the easiest and fastest means to deliver genes stably to mammalian cells. Allele has upgraded retrovirus packaging from the previously offered Phoenix packaging system. The system provided either an Ecotropic packaging system (for dividing murine or rat cells) or an Amphotropic system (for dividing cells of most mammalian species, including human). We have upgraded our custom packaging method to a more efficient system that routinely result in a titer of 108 or above. Allele has stopped offering the previously known Phoenix ampho and eco cells, A similar Ecotropic and Amphotopic packaging cell lines , Phoenix2, originated from different sources are currently available
- mWasabi green fluorescent protein as transfection marker
- Integrated Allele's engineered shRNA expression cassette for the highest efficiency of RNAi (US patents 7,294,504 and 7,422,896)
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- Sapphire™ Baculovirus
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The baculovirus expression system (BVES) provides a high-yield and low-cost platform for expressing functional eukaryotic proteins. Most eukaryote-specific post-translational modifications, such as signal cleavage, phosphorylation, glycosylation, and disulfide bond formation, can occur in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Allele Sapphire™ Baculovirus DNA was specifically designed for efficient recombination with a polyhedrin promoter-based transfer vector by a simple co-transfection step.
- Virtually 100% recombination efficiency, which eliminates the time-consuming plaque purification step
- A protein disulfide isomerase gene was inserted at the p10 locus of the virus to ensure proper protein disulfide bond formation
- The Sapphire™ Baculovirus DNA is compatible with most of the commercial polyhedrin-based transfer vectors
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- Sapphire™ Baculovirus for Mammalian
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Mammalian proteins may be modified differently in both insect cells and mammalian cells, for example, with different patterns of glycosylation. It has been well established that baculovirus can infect mammalian cells with broad tropism. Additionally, baculoviruses are safe for regular laboratory handling because they do not recombine with any human pathogenic viruses. The Allele Baculovirus for Mammalian Cells (BacMam) System uses the baculovirus genomic DNA with mammalian promoters and tropism enhancing factors for highly efficient protein expression of mammalian proteins.
- Enhanced tropism for broad range of mammalian cells
- Optional mWasabi green fluorescent protein and other FP markers
- A platform technology available for custom projects
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- Viral Packaging Services
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Allele Biotech provides custom retrovirus or lentivirus packaging services using proprietary technologies that are unique and highly efficient, yielding 108 to 109 TU/ml, without any concentrating steps (US patents 6,207,455 and 6,531,123). These technologies and optimal operation procedures enable Allele Biotech to package viruses at < 1% of the market price in certain categories on per million particle basis.
- Consistently high titer without concentrating steps
- Even higher titers are provided for in vivo injection studies
- Much lower prices than other providers
- Flexible packaging sizes and multiple project discounts
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- Insect Cell Protein Expression Service
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More than a decade ago, Allele Biotech staff offered the first commercial baculovirus protein expression services (under Orbigen brand) to address researchers´ unmet gene expression needs. The team now provides services at all stages of the protein expression, production, and purification processes from gene cloning to large-scale fermentation using Allele’s Sapphire BVES.
- Experience with hundreds of proteins over 10 years
- Modulated and flexible pricing scales
- Professional consultation to customers
- Timely report and advice at each stage of the project
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Want to learn more technical information, go back to the Overview Page. Ready to purchase --please click on the links to the online shopping list on the upper left menu. Still not quite sure which products are the most suitable, please explore the product outline below.
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- For basic expression Allele Offers the "Easy" Vectors; Neor or mWasabi for selection/tracking; promoter-less for studying expression regulation
- pLICO-shRNA-Easy suites most shRNA experiments in all cells. Antibiotics or FP selection is not listed, however if desired, let us know.
- Allele provides 2 versions of lentivirus packaging kits with different control plasmids; lentivirus users may also choose individual packaging plasmids and transfection reagents.
- For inexperienced retrovirus users, Allele offers the popular Phoenix Retrovirus System (version 2.0 has selection medium and transfection reagent).
- To purchase individual packaging components, choose Eco cells for rodent targets or Ampho cells for other mammalian including human cells.
- Allele&avute;s transfection reagents and retroviral vector selection medium are safe and convenient choices to be used with pBMN or pCHAC vectors
- pVL1392, 1293 Vectors are classic transfer vectors. pOrb is an updated version with improved cloning sites. pAcIRES Vector includes an insect IRES-driven expression cassette for a second cDNA such as a selection marker. pAcSec1 Vector has a built-in strong insect secretion signal.
- Sapphire baculovirus genomic DNA is needed to co-transfect with cDNA bearing transfer plasmid to generate baculoviruses. Sapphire genomic DNA can be combined with most polyhedrin-based transfer vectors.
- BVES experiments require insect cells, medium, transfection reagents, and cell lysis buffer (if the recombinant protein is not secreted). Find them all under Sapphire Baculovirus.
- Baculovirus modified for carrying transgenes into mammalian cells for the expression of mammalian proteins, particularly those with glycosylation or other modifications
- Pseudotyped for broad host cell range, optimized cloning module and expression cassette, tracking markers, etc.
- Use of baculovirus for special purposes such as iPS cell generation. This product group is in beta testing, if you are interested, let us know.